Spontaneous poisoning by Baccharis vulneraria Backer in cattle / Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis vulneraria Backer em bovinos

Baccharis vulneraria Backer is a sub-shrub frequently found in southern Brazil, which leads to gastrointestinal tract intoxication. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of two cases of B. vulneraria poisoning in cattle. Two bovines from two different municipalities in the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil were necropsied and performed the histopathological evaluation and botanical classification of the plant found in the pasture. Bovine 1 had dehydration, ruminal atony, diarrhea, congested mucous membranes and hypothermia for 20 hours, and died during clinical care. At necropsy, there was moderate multifocal detachment and reddening of the forestomachs mucosa. Bovine 2 presented anorexia, dry feces, ruminal atony, vocalization and muscle tremors for ten days, unresponsive to treatments, evolving to death. At necropsy were seen loosening of the mucosa with marked diffuse reddening and transmural edema. The microscopic exam revealed degeneration, necrosis, vesiculation, and detachment of the forestomachs' mucosa, associated with moderate multifocal neutrophilic infiltrate (Bovine 1); marked diffuse transmural necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and marked fibrinous exudation (Bovine 2). A large amount of B. vulneraria was found in the pastures, with signs of consumption. In this report, a case of subacute evolution of B. vulneraria poisoning was observed, since the poisoning by this plant is usually acute. More knowledge about poisoning by this plant is necessary for the prevention and control, avoiding new mortality cases.

Baccharis vulneraria Backer é um subarbusto frequentemente encontrado no sul do Brasil, que leva a um quadro de intoxicação nocivo ao trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de dois casos de intoxicação por B. vulneraria em bovinos. Foram necropsiados dois bovinos de dois municípios do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com avaliação histopatológica dos órgãos e classificação botânica dos exemplares da planta localizada nos piquetes. No exame clínico do Bovino 1 foram constatados desidratação, atonia ruminal, diarreia, mucosas congestas e hipotermia durante 20 horas, com morte durante atendimento clínico. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento e avermelhamento multifocais moderados na mucosa dos proventrículos. Já o Bovino 2 teve manifestações clínicas de anorexia, fezes secas, atonia ruminal, vocalização e tremores musculares por 10 dias, não responsivas a tratamento, evoluindo para óbito. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento da mucosa dos proventrículos, com avermelhamento e edema transmural difusos acentuados. No exame histológico havia degeneração e necrose da mucosa proventricular, vacuolização e desprendimento do epitélio, infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal moderado (Bovino 1), e necrose transmural difusa acentuada, edema, hemorragia e exsudação fibrinosa acentuados (Bovino 2). Grande quantidade de B. vulneraria foi encontrada nas pastagens dos bovinos, com sinais de consumo. É relatado um caso de evolução subaguda de intoxicação por B. vulneraria, visto que a intoxicação por essa planta geralmente tem curso agudo. Conhecimentos acerca desta planta são necessários para prevenção e controle da intoxicação, evitando novos casos de mortalidade.

Spontaneous poisoning by Baccharis vulneraria Backer in cattle

ABSTRACT: Baccharis vulneraria Backer is a sub-shrub frequently found in southern Brazil, which leads to gastrointestinal tract intoxication. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of two cases of B. vulneraria poisoning in cattle. Two bovines from two different municipalities in the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil were necropsied and performed the histopathological evaluation and botanical classification of the plant found in the pasture. Bovine 1 had dehydration, ruminal atony, diarrhea, congested mucous membranes and hypothermia for 20 hours, and died during clinical care. At necropsy, there was moderate multifocal detachment and reddening of the forestomachs mucosa. Bovine 2 presented anorexia, dry feces, ruminal atony, vocalization and muscle tremors for ten days, unresponsive to treatments, evolving to death. At necropsy were seen loosening of the mucosa with marked diffuse reddening and transmural edema. The microscopic exam revealed degeneration, necrosis, vesiculation, and detachment of the forestomachs mucosa, associated with moderate multifocal neutrophilic infiltrate (Bovine 1); marked diffuse transmural necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and marked fibrinous exudation (Bovine 2). A large amount of B. vulneraria was found in the pastures, with signs of consumption. In this report, a case of subacute evolution of B. vulneraria poisoning was observed, since the poisoning by this plant is usually acute. More knowledge about poisoning by this plant is necessary for the prevention and control, avoiding new mortality cases.

RESUMO: Baccharis vulneraria Backer é um subarbusto frequentemente encontrado no sul do Brasil, que leva a um quadro de intoxicação nocivo ao trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de dois casos de intoxicação por B. vulneraria em bovinos. Foram necropsiados dois bovinos de dois municípios do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com avaliação histopatológica dos órgãos e classificação botânica dos exemplares da planta localizada nos piquetes. No exame clínico do Bovino 1 foram constatados desidratação, atonia ruminal, diarreia, mucosas congestas e hipotermia durante 20 horas, com morte durante atendimento clínico. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento e avermelhamento multifocais moderados na mucosa dos proventrículos. Já o Bovino 2 teve manifestações clínicas de anorexia, fezes secas, atonia ruminal, vocalização e tremores musculares por 10 dias, não responsivas a tratamento, evoluindo para óbito. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento da mucosa dos proventrículos, com avermelhamento e edema transmural difusos acentuados. No exame histológico havia degeneração e necrose da mucosa proventricular, vacuolização e desprendimento do epitélio, infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal moderado (Bovino 1), e necrose transmural difusa acentuada, edema, hemorragia e exsudação fibrinosa acentuados (Bovino 2). Grande quantidade de B. vulneraria foi encontrada nas pastagens dos bovinos, com sinais de consumo. É relatado um caso de evolução subaguda de intoxicação por B. vulneraria, visto que a intoxicação por essa planta geralmente tem curso agudo. Conhecimentos acerca desta planta são necessários para prevenção e controle da intoxicação, evitando novos casos de mortalidade.

Spontaneous poisoning by Baccharis vulneraria Backer in cattle / Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis vulneraria Backer em bovinos

Baccharis vulneraria Backer is a sub-shrub frequently found in southern Brazil, which leads to gastrointestinal tract intoxication. The objective of this study is to describe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of two cases of B. vulneraria poisoning in cattle. Two bovines from two different municipalities in the Itajaí Valley, Santa Catarina, Brazil were necropsied and performed the histopathological evaluation and botanical classification of the plant found in the pasture. Bovine 1 had dehydration, ruminal atony, diarrhea, congested mucous membranes and hypothermia for 20 hours, and died during clinical care. At necropsy, there was moderate multifocal detachment and reddening of the forestomachs mucosa. Bovine 2 presented anorexia, dry feces, ruminal atony, vocalization and muscle tremors for ten days, unresponsive to treatments, evolving to death. At necropsy were seen loosening of the mucosa with marked diffuse reddening and transmural edema. The microscopic exam revealed degeneration, necrosis, vesiculation, and detachment of the forestomachs' mucosa, associated with moderate multifocal neutrophilic infiltrate (Bovine 1); marked diffuse transmural necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and marked fibrinous exudation (Bovine 2). A large amount of B. vulneraria was found in the pastures, with signs of consumption. In this report, a case of subacute evolution of B. vulneraria poisoning was observed, since the poisoning by this plant is usually acute. More knowledge about poisoning by this plant is necessary for the prevention and control, avoiding new mortality cases.(AU)

Baccharis vulneraria Backer é um subarbusto frequentemente encontrado no sul do Brasil, que leva a um quadro de intoxicação nocivo ao trato gastrointestinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de dois casos de intoxicação por B. vulneraria em bovinos. Foram necropsiados dois bovinos de dois municípios do Vale do Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com avaliação histopatológica dos órgãos e classificação botânica dos exemplares da planta localizada nos piquetes. No exame clínico do Bovino 1 foram constatados desidratação, atonia ruminal, diarreia, mucosas congestas e hipotermia durante 20 horas, com morte durante atendimento clínico. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento e avermelhamento multifocais moderados na mucosa dos proventrículos. Já o Bovino 2 teve manifestações clínicas de anorexia, fezes secas, atonia ruminal, vocalização e tremores musculares por 10 dias, não responsivas a tratamento, evoluindo para óbito. Na necropsia, havia desprendimento da mucosa dos proventrículos, com avermelhamento e edema transmural difusos acentuados. No exame histológico havia degeneração e necrose da mucosa proventricular, vacuolização e desprendimento do epitélio, infiltrado neutrofílico multifocal moderado (Bovino 1), e necrose transmural difusa acentuada, edema, hemorragia e exsudação fibrinosa acentuados (Bovino 2). Grande quantidade de B. vulneraria foi encontrada nas pastagens dos bovinos, com sinais de consumo. É relatado um caso de evolução subaguda de intoxicação por B. vulneraria, visto que a intoxicação por essa planta geralmente tem curso agudo. Conhecimentos acerca desta planta são necessários para prevenção e controle da intoxicação, evitando novos casos de mortalidade.(AU)

Efficacy of Baccharis dracunculifolia in the treatment of diversion colitis in rats / Eficácia da Baccharis dracunculifolia no tratamento da colite de desuso em ratos

Abstract Rationale: Disuse colitis is frequent in our country and the most effective treatment is high cost and there is a need for effective and low cost therapy. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Baccharis dracunculifolia (field rosemary) in the treatment of exclusion colitis in rats. Method: Eighteen Wistar rats were anesthetized and submitted to colostomy; they were then distributed into two groups: Control Group, receiving intrarectal saline infusion (n = 8) and Group BD receiving intrarectal infusion ofBaccharis dracunculifolia extract (n = 10); after 21 days of treatment they were euthanized, the intestinal segment excluded from intestinal transit was resected and submitted to histopathological study, classifying the degree of inflammation and degree of vascular congestion from 0 to 3. Results: Mean inflammation was 2.7 in Control Group versus 2.1 in BD Group (p = 0.049), while mean vascular congestion was 2.3 and 2, respectively, in Control and BD groups (p = 0.1642). Conclusion: Intra-rectal infusion ofBaccharis dracunculifolia extract significantly minimized the inflammatory process in the exclusion colitis of rats submitted to colostomy, without altering the degree of vascular congestion.

Resumo Racional A colite de desuso é frequente em nosso meio e o tratamento de maior eficácia é de alto custo, havendo necessidade de se encontrar uma terapêutica eficaz e de baixo custo. Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia da Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim-do-campo) no tratamento da colite de exclusão em ratos. Método Utilizou-se 18 ratos Wistar, os quais foram anestesiados e submetidos à colostomia; em seguida distribuídos em 2 grupos: Grupo Controle, recebendo infusão intrarretal de solução salina (n = 8) e Grupo BD, recebendo infusão intrarretal de extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia (n = 10); após 21 dias de tratamento foram submetidos a eutanásia, o segmento intesinal excluso de trânsito intestinal foi ressecado e submetido a estudo histopatológico classificando-se o grau de inflamação e grau de congestão vascular de 0 a 3. Resultados Verificou-se média de inflamação 2,7 no Grupo Controle vs. 2,1 no Grupo BD (p = 0,049), enquanto as médias de congestão vascular foram 2,3 e 2, respectivamente, nos grupos controle e BD (p = 0,1642). Conclusão A infusão intrarretal do extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia minimizou significantemente o processo inflamatório na colite de exclusão de ratos submetidos à colostomia, sem alterar o grau de congestão vascular.

Brazilian Green Propolis: Chemical Composition of Essential Oil and Their In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Activities

Abstract Propolis is a resinous substance collected and processed by Apis mellifera from parts of plants, buds and exudates. In Minas Gerais (MG) state, Brazil, green propolis is produced from the collection of resinous substance found in shoot apices of Baccharis dracunculifolia. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant, anti-Helicobacter pylori, antimycobacterial and antiproliferative activities of essential oil (EO) from Brazilian green propolis (BGP-EO). The oil showed high antibacterial activity against H. pylori (MIC = 6.25 µg/mL), Mycobacterium avium (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL) and M. tuberculosis (MIC = 64 µg/mL). Its antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro by both DPPH (IC50 = 23.48 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 32.18 µg/mL) methods. The antiproliferative activity in normal (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts) and tumor cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa and M059J) was analyzed by the XTT assay. BGP-EO showed inhibition of normal cell growth at 68.93 ± 2.56 µg/mL. Antiproliferative activity was observed against human tumor cell lines, whose IC50 values were 56.17, 66.43 and -65.83 µg/mL for MCF-7, HeLa and M059J cells, respectively. Its major constituents, which were determined by GC-FID and GC-MS, were carvacrol (20.7 %), acetophenone (13.5 %), spathulenol (11.0 %), (E)-nerolidol (9.7 %) and β-caryophyllene (6.2 %). These results showed the effectiveness of BGP-EO as a natural product which has promising biological activities.

Phytochemical profile of methanolic extracts from Chilca (Baccharis glutinosa) roots and its activity against Aspergillus ochraceus and Fusarium moniliforme

Aim: The present study aimed to identify the phytochemicals of methanolic extract from Baccharis glutinosa (chilca) roots (MEBg) and to evaluate its antifungal activity on two major fungal pathogens of agricultural importance. Methodology: The antifungal activity was evaluated by inhibition halo, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and % sporulation against A. ochraceus and F. moniliforme. As a preliminary test, inhibition halo was tested using 1, 10, 100 and 270 mg ml-1 of MEBg. Different concentrations of MEBg were applied for MIC and MFC tests. Ketoconazole was used as positive control. The treatments were applied in triplicate. The phytochemical compounds of MEBg were determined by GC-MS analysis. Results: The MEBg produced an inhibition zone of 2 to 4 mm in the inhibition halo test, with concentrations of 100 and 270 mg ml-1 for A. ochraceus and F. moniliforme, respectively. Reduction in % sporulation above 50 was shown in concentrations over 8 mg ml-1. MEBg were reported to exhibit antifungal activities against A. ochraceus and F. moniliforme with the MIC values ranging from 2 to 5.6 mg∙ml-1 and the MFC from 12 to 15 mg ml-1. GC-MS analysis of Chilca extracts revealed that the most abundant metabolites were furfural compounds and organic acids. The most abundant furfural compounds were 5-(hydroxymethyl) furan-2-carbaldehyde (38.59%), furan-2-carbaldehyde (4.103%) and 5-methylfuran-2-carbaldehyde (2.1%). Interpretation: The MEBg revealed efficient antifungal activity, likely due to the presence of bioactive compounds, which could be used as an alternative for biological control of pathogenic fungi in maize and coffee crops.

Assessment of General effects and gastrointestinal prokinetic activity of Baccharis crispa in mice

Baccharis crispa is commonly known to be used in the treatment of several digestive disorders and the primarypurpose of this study was to detect its acute toxicity. Its influence on general behavior, sleeping time and intestinaltransit activity in mice were followed as a mean of initial validation for popular use. The gastrointestinal effectwas determined by testing the influence of B. crispa (Bc) on both intestinal motility (in vivo) and spontaneouscontractile response of isolated ileum (in vitro). Oral administration of Bc showed low toxicity and induced asignificant shortening of sleeping time in mice. After in vitro evaluation on isolated ileum, doses of 5.10−4; 10−4and 5.10−3 mg/mL of Bc potentiated the contractile response to acetylcholine. The intestinal propulsive activityincreased with oral doses of 1, 5 and 50 mg/kg of Bc. After in vitro and in vivo gastrointestinal evaluations ofBc extract, it was clear that an efficient prokinetic activity and a significant increase in spontaneous contractioninduced by acetylcholine in isolated mouse ileum occurred. These results partially support and justify thetraditional use of B. crispa to treat gastrointestinal disorders.

Tratamento da fístula anal com extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia. Estudo experimental em ratos / Treatment of anal fistula with Baccharis dracunculifolia extract. Experimental study in rats

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia do extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia no tratamento de fístulas anais em ratos. Métodos: vinte ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos à confecção de fístula anal e, após 30 dias, foram distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo Controle, com cinco animais; Grupo Carbopol, com cinco animais; e Grupo Baccharis dracunculifolia, com dez animais. No Grupo Controle, não se realizou nenhum tratamento. No Grupo Carbopol, realizou-se infusão diária de carbopol, e no Grupo Baccharis dracunculifolia, infusão de extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia com carbopol, ambos por 30 dias. Foram retirados espécimes para análise histológica após a eutanásia. Resultados: não houve fechamento completo do trajeto fistuloso em nenhum dos animais. A média da área do trajeto resultante foi de 847,2µm2, 565,6µm2 e 372,7µm2, respectivamente, nos Grupos Controle, Carbopol e Baccharis dracunculifolia (p=0,001). A média do escore de processo inflamatório foi de 2,4, 2,4 e 2,1, respectivamente, nos Grupos Controle, Carbopol e Baccharis dracunculifolia (p=0,285), enquanto a média de congestão vascular foi de 1,6, 1,4 e 1,1, respectivamente, nos Grupos Controle, Carbopol e Baccharis dracunculifolia (p=0,031). Conclusão: o extrato de Baccharis dracunculifolia foi capaz de reduzir o lúmen dos trajetos fistulosos e a congestão vascular, sem reduzir, no entanto, o processo inflamatório local ou fechar totalmente os trajetos fistulosos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of Baccharis dracunculifolia extract in the treatment of anal fistulas in rats. Methods: twenty male Wistar rats were submitted to anal fistula and, after 30 days, were divided into three groups: Control Group, with five animals; Carbopol Group, with five animals; and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, with ten animals. In the Control Group, no treatment was performed. In the Carbopol Group, a daily infusion of Carbopol was performed for 30 days. In the Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, a daily infusion of Carbopol plus Baccharis dracunculifolia extract was performed for 30 days. Specimens were taken for histological analysis after euthanasia. Results: there was no complete closure of the fistulous tract in any of the animals. The mean area of the remaining tract was of 847.2µm2, 565.6µm2 and 372.7µm2, in the Control Group, Carbopol Group, and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, respectively, (p=0.001). The mean of the inflammatory process score was of 2.4, 2.4, and 2.1, in the Control Group, Carbopol Group, and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, respectively, (p=0.285), while the mean values of vascular congestion were of 1.6, 1.4, and 1.1, in the Control Group, Carbopol Group, and Baccharis dracunculifolia Group, respectively, (p=0.031). Conclusion: Baccharis dracunculifolia extract was able to reduce the lumen of the fistulous tracts and the degree of vascular congestion, without, however, reducing the local inflammatory process or totally closing the fistulous tracts.

Potential of Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walpan (Chilka) from northern Chile used as a medicinal infusion / Potencial de Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walpan (Chilka) do norte do Chile usado como infusão medicinal

ABSTRACT: Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walp. is a native and medicinal, Chilean Altiplano herb that is used as a poultice and also consumed as an infusion to relieve inflammation. This study evaluated the antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of B. alnifolia and their infusion. It was reported that the ethanol extract contains 4.42 mg GAE/g of dry weight and the infusion contains 35.86 mg GAE/L of total polyphenols. Also, it determined the antioxidant capacity using Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Moreover, seven metabolites including between phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified for the first time in both extracts of the medicinal plant Baccharis alnifolia. The UHPLC-DAD chromatograms revealed the majority presence of ferulic acid and luteolin, both could be responsible for the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, we realized a preliminary screening of cytotoxicity in different tumor cell lines, finding that these extracts have cytotoxic potential on kidney cells.

RESUMO: Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walp. é uma erva altiplana nativa e medicinal, chilena que é usada como cataplasma e também consumida como uma infusão para aliviar a inflamação. Este estudo avaliou o efeito antioxidante e citotóxico do extrato etanólico de B. alnifolia e sua infusão. Verificou-se que o extrato etanólico contém 4,42 mg GAE / g de peso seco e a infusão contém 35,86 mg GAE / L de polifenóis totais. Além disso, determinou a capacidade antioxidante utilizando o poder antioxidante redutor de Fração (FRAP), Capacidade de Absorção Radical de Oxigênio (ORAC) e capacidade antioxidante equivalente de Trolox (TEAC). Além disso, sete metabólitos, entre ácidos fenólicos e flavonóides, foram identificados pela primeira vez em ambos os extratos da planta medicinal Baccharis alnifolia. Os cromatogramas UHPLC-DAD revelaram a presença majoritária de ácido ferúlico e luteolina, ambos podendo ser responsáveis pela atividade antioxidante e citotóxica. Além disso, realizamos uma triagem preliminar da citotoxicidade em diferentes linhagens de células tumorais, descobrindo que esses extratos têm potencial citotóxico nas células renais.

Multivariate statistical analysis of morpho-anatomical data of nine sect. Caulopterae species (Baccharis - Asteraceae) used in folk medicine

Abstract Baccharis species belonging to sect. Caulopterae are difficult to identify. Most countries are controlling the quality of herbal medicines destined for the internal market or export. "Carquejas" are used arbitrarily for the same medicinal purposes and only three species of sect. Caulopterae are official herbal medicines. In the present study, a morpho-anatomical and statistical analysis was performed with nine species of sect. Caulopterae: Baccharis articulata, B. crispa, B. gaudichaudiana, B. microcephala, B. penningtonii, B. phyteumoides, B. sagittalis, B. triangularis and B. trimera, emphasizing the importance of anatomy as a taxonomic tool. A total of 114 populations of these nine species were examined. The first three principal components of morphoanatomical data provided relevant information to classify the species (75.04% of the total variability). The most discriminatory variable in this issue was the stomatal index (1.0530). We determined the qualitative and quantitative variables in order to differentiate the species by using principal components analysis and ANOVA tests. Stomata type, uniseriate trichome type and presence/absence of collenchyma in the wing margin are the qualitative variables that should be analyzed. Regarding quantitative variables, the epidermal ones in superficial view are more important and discriminatory than those of alate stem cross section and they must be considered for proper quality control of the species of this work.

In vitro antiviral activity of propolis and Baccharis sp. extracts on animal herpesviruses / Atividade antiviral in vitro de extratos de própolis e de Baccharis sp. sobre herpes vírus animal

This study evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of propolis and Baccharis sp. extracts on three animal herpesviruses (bovine, equine and swine). The propolis samples were produced by two species of bees. There was red and green propolis, which came from africanized Apis melifera, and a third type obtained from a native bee species, Tetragonisca angustula (jatai). The Baccharis extracts were obtained from four different species: B. oblongifolia, B. burchellii, B. dracunculifolia and B. uncinella. The maximum non-toxic concentration of the extracts was determined when no visible morphological changes were observed on the cells. These non-toxic concentrations were used in the antiviral tests. Antiviral activity was evaluated using a reduction assay of the cytopathic effect, which calculated the difference between treated and control virus titer by statistical analysis. Red propolis was active against the three herpesviruses and green propolis showed inhibition against the equine and swine herpesviruses. Conversely, jataí propolis showed no antiviral activity. Most extracts coming from male and female individuals of all of the Baccharis species showed antiviral activity against bovine and swine herpesviruses. Only the extract of the female specimen of B. oblongifolia was an inhibitor against equine herpesvirus.(AU)

O trabalho avaliou a atividade antiviral in vitro de própolis e espécies de Baccharis sobre três herpes vírus animais (bovino, equino e suíno). As própolis foram produzidas por duas espécies de abelhas. Pela Apis melifera (abelha africanizada) foram obtidas duas própolis, vermelha e verde, e uma terceira foi obtida pela abelha nativa Tetragonisca angustula (abelha jataí). Os extratos de Baccharis foram obtidos de 4 espécies diferentes: B. ­oblongifolia, B. burchellii, B. dracunculifolia e B. uncinella. A concentração máxima não tóxica dos extratos foi determinada pela ausência de alterações morfológicas nas células, e essas concentrações então utilizadas nos testes antivirais. A atividade antiviral foi avaliada pela redução do efeito citopático e calculada a partir da diferença entre o título viral do tratado pelo controle e feita a análise estatística. A própolis vermelha foi ativa contra os três herpes vírus, e a própolis verde apresentou inibição contra os herpes vírus equino e suíno, enquanto a própolis da abelha jataí não apresentou atividade antiviral. A maioria dos extratos dos indivíduos masculinos e femininos de todas as espécies de Baccharis apresentou atividade antiviral contra os herpes vírus bovino e suíno. Apenas o extrato do indivíduo feminino de B. oblongifolia foi inibidor contra o herpes vírus equino.(AU)

Essential oils of Baccharis trinervis (Asteraceae) from Costa Rica / Constituyentes de los aceites esenciales de Baccharis trinervis (Asteraceae) de Costa Rica

Abstract Baccharis is an Asteraceae genus of flowering plants, which has about 340 to 400 species, ranging from the Southern United States to the Southern extreme of Argentina and Chile through Central America and the Caribbean regions. The species Baccharis trinervis is a native shrub from Mexico, Central America and throughout South America. In Costa Rica, this species is commonly known as alcotán and the fresh leaves are used as a poultice on wounds and ulcers. The objective of the present research was to characterize the chemical composition of seven hydrodistilled essential oils of diverse morphological parts of B. trinervis. For this, samples were obtained from three locations in Costa Rica and standard laboratory analyses were followed. The essential oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using the retention indices on a 5 % phenyl/dimethylpolysiloxane fused silica column in addition to mass spectral fragmentation patterns, which allowed the identification of 268 compounds. The essential oils consisted mainly of terpenoids (92.3 to 97.8 %). The major constituents from the leaf oils were caryophyllene oxide (0.1-22.5 %), viridiflorol (8.8-21.0 %), germacrene D (0.5-19.1 %), germacrene B (0.2-16.0 %), β-caryophyllene (3.5-9.1 %), spathulenol (0.1-8.3 %), δ-3-carene (2.0-6.8 %), and α-pinene (2.5-5.9 %). The flower oil consisted mainly of globulol (0-24 %), β-caryophyllene (9.5-17.1 %), cismuurola-4(14), 5-diene (traces-13.7 %), germacrene D (4.3-9.9 %), bicyclogermacrene (5.9-8.3 %), ar-curcumene (0-8.0 %), spathulenol (4.3-4.8 %), caryophyllene oxide (3.1-4.7 %), and viridiflorol (0.3-4.7 %). The major components of the branch oil were germacrene B (1.4-18.7 %), germacrene D (14.7-15.6 %), β-caryophyllene (10.1-12.4 %), viridiflorol (0-11.5 %), globulol (0.6-11.3 %), δ-3-carene (4.1-8.1 %), β-phellandrene (1.5-6.5 %), and bicyclogermacrene (3.6-4.9 %). The essential oil composition differed markedly from that of previously studied oils of plants growing in Brazil, which contain two characteristic stereoisomeric methyl dec-2-en4,6-diynoate compounds not detected in this study. This is the first report about the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from this species growing wild in Costa Rica.

Resumen Baccharis (Asteraceae) es un género de plantas con flor que consta de 340 a 400 especies que habitan desde el sur de EE. UU. hasta Argentina y Chile, incluyendo América Central y varias islas del Caribe. Baccharis trinervis es un arbusto nativo de México, América Central y América del Sur. En Costa Rica, esta especie se conoce popularmente como alcotán y las hojas frescas se utilizan en forma de cataplasma para curar heridas y úlceras. El objetivo del presente estudio fue el de identificar los constituyentes químicos de los aceites esenciales obtenidos de diferentes partes morfológicas de B. trinervis en tres localidades de Costa Rica, obtenidos mediante el método de hidrodestilación. Se analizó la composición química de los aceites por cromatografía capilar de gases con detector de ionización de flama (GCFID) y cromatografía de gases acoplada a un detector de masas (GC-MS), utilizando los índices de retención en una columna tipo DB-5 y los patrones de fragmentación, lo cual permitió la identificación de 268 constituyentes. Los siete aceites están constituidos principalmente por terpenoides (92.3 a 97.8 %). Los compuestos mayoritarios de los aceites de las hojas se identificaron como óxido de cariofileno (0.1-22.5 %), viridiflorol (8.8-21.0 %), germacreno D (0.5-19.1 %), germacreno B (0.2-16.0 %), β-cariofileno (3.5-9.1 %), espatulenol (0.1-8.3 %), δ-3-careno (2.06.8 %), α-pineno (2.5-5.9 %), biciclogermacreno (0-4.4 %), δ-cadineno (0.8-3.4 %), β-elemeno (0.8-3.0 %), limoneno (0.9-2.9 %) y β-pineno (1.3-2.5 %). Los aceites de las flores contienen principalmente globulol (0-24 %), β-cariofileno (9.5-17.1 %), cis-muurola-4(14),5-dieno (t-13.7 %), germacreno D (4.3-9.9 %), biciclogermacreno (5.9-8.3 %), ar-curcumeno (0-8.0 %), espatulenol (4.3-4.8 %), óxido de cariofileno (3.1-4.7 %), viridiflorol (0.3-4.7 %), β-elemeno (2.5-4.3 %), germacreno B (1.8-4.3 %), γ-cadineno (0.32.5 %), δ-3-careno (0.9-2.2 %) y α-humuleno (1.8-2.2 %). Los constituyentes mayoritarios del aceite de las ramitas fueron: germacreno B (1.4-18.7 %), germacreno D (14.7-15.6 %), β-cariofileno (10.1-12.4 %), viridiflorol (0-11.5 %), globulol (0.6-11.3 %), δ-3-careno (4.1-8.1 %), β-felandreno (1.5-6.5 %), biciclogermacreno (3.6-4.9 %), δ-cadineno (3.5-4.3 %), β-copaeno (0.6-2.8 %), β-elemeno (1.3-2.7 %) y γ- muuroleno (1.6-2.6 %). Los aceites estudiados presentan una composición compleja y se diferencian de los aceites obtenidos de la misma especie que crece en Brasil por la ausencia de los compuestos isoméricos diacetilénicos dec-2-en-4,6-diinoato de metilo(Z y E). También se diferencian de los aceites de las plantas de Brasil y Venezuela por la presencia de sesquiterpenoides de la familia de los guayanos, en especial por cantidades apreciables de viridiflorol, globulol y espatulenol.

Aqueous extract of Baccharis trimera improves redox status and decreases the severity of alcoholic hepatotoxicity

ABSTRACT The metabolism of ethanol occurs mainly in the liver, promoting increase of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen, leading to redox imbalance. Therefore, antioxidants can be seen as an alternative to reestablish the oxidizing/reducing equilibrium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Asteraceae, in a model of hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol. The extract was characterized and in vitro tests were conducted in HepG2 cells. It was evaluated the cells viability exposed to aqueous extract for 24 h, ability to scavenging the radical DPPH, besides the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and the influence on the transcriptional activity of transcription factor Nrf2 (12 and 24 h) after exposure to 200 mM ethanol. The results showed that aqueous extract was non-cytotoxic in any concentration tested; moreover, it was observed a decrease in ROS and NO production, also promoting the transcriptional activity of Nrf2. In vivo, we pretreatment male rats Fisher with 600 mg/kg of aqueous extract and 1 h later 5 ml/kg of absolute ethanol was administrated. After two days of treatment, the animals were euthanized and lipid profile, hepatic and renal functions, antioxidant status and oxidative damage were evaluated. The treatment with extract improved liver function and lipid profile, reflecting the reduction of lipid microvesicules in the liver. It also promoted an increase of glutathione peroxidase activity, decrease of oxidative damage and MMP-2 activity. These results, analyzed together, suggest the hepatoprotective effect of B. trimera aqueous extract.

Genetic divergence of a newly documented population of the cecidogenous micromoth Eugnosta azapaensis Vargas & Moreira (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile

Abstract Eugnosta azapaensis Vargas and Moreira, 2015 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a micromoth native to the Atacama Desert whose larvae induce fusiform galls in shoots of Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Asteraceae). The presence of this cecidogenous tortricid was previously recorded only from the type locality, the Azapa Valley, Arica Province, northern Chile. However, fusiform galls on shoots of B. salicifolia were recently found in Chaca, another coastal valley of the Atacama Desert. The adults obtained from these galls were preliminarily identified as E. azapaensis based on morphology. Subsequently, to assess an additional source of evidence for the taxonomic identification of E. azapaensis in this new locality, sequences of the DNA barcode fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene from the two localities were analyzed. Four haplotypes were detected, two restricted to Azapa and two restricted to Chaca. The genetic divergence (K2P) between haplotypes of each locality was 0.2-0.8%, while it was 1.1-1.4% between haplotypes of different localities, and 8.7-13.5% between the Chilean haplotypes and other species of Eugnosta Hübner, 1825. In addition, all the sequences of Azapa and Chaca were clustered in a well-supported group in a Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis. Accordingly, divergence and ML analyses support the morphological identification of E. azapaensis in the Chaca Valley. Furthermore, although preliminary, the analyses suggest that the genetic variation of the populations of this insect could be geographically structured, a pattern that must be assessed in further studies.

Estudio de propiedades moleculares de cuatro flavonoides de Baccharis boliviensis / Study of molecular properties of four flavonoids of baccharis boliviensis

En este trabajo de investigación se realizó un estudio de relación estructura y actividad antioxidante empleando métodos computacionales basándose en propiedades estructurales y electrónicas, para lograr este objetivo se utilizó el programa computacional Hyperchem versión 8.0.1 empleando métodos cuánticos semiempiricos, a partir de las estructuras más estables obtenidas se calcularon longitudes de enlace, cargas atómicas, entalpias de disociación de enlace y orbitales moleculares de los cuatro flavonoides de Baccharis boliviensis aislados e identificados por el grupo de investigadores de Almanza, G. et.al en el año 2012. Al relacionar todos los datos obtenidos con la capacidad antioxidante se encontró que la actividad antioxidante entre los cuatro flavonoides el flavonoide 4 tiene mayor capacidad antioxidante debido al mayor número de grupos hidroxilo y a los valores bajos de energía de disociación de enlace EDE relativa respecto al flavonoide 1 que ocuparía el segundo lugar en términos de capacidad antioxidante, apoyan a estos resultados el hecho de considerar los valores de la segunda diferencia de energía de disociación de enlace EDE entre estos dos flavonoides se obtiene una diferencia de 1.106 H (Hartrees) para el flavonoide 4 y 1.4651H para el flavonoide 1. Los flavonoides 2 y 3 ocuparían las posiciones 3 y 4 en términos de capacidad antioxidante respectivamente. En conclusión la actividad antioxidante de los cuatro flavonoides estudiados presenta el siguiente orden de mayor a menor actividad antioxidante: flavonoide 4 > flavonoide 1 > flavonoide 2 > flavonoide 3.

In this research work was carried out a study of relationship structure and antioxidant activity using computational methods based on structural and electronic properties, to achieve this objective we used the computer program Hyperchem version 8.0.1 using semiempirical quantum methods, from structures More stable, bond lengths, atomic charges, bond dissociation enthalpies and molecular orbitals of the four Baccharis boliviensis flavonoids isolated and identified by the Almanza group, G Et.al in 2012, were calculated. By relating all the data obtained with the antioxidant capacity it was found that the antioxidant activity among the four flavonoids flavonoid 4 has higher antioxidant capacity due to the higher number of hydroxyl groups and the lower energy values of linkage dissociation EDE relative to flavonoid 1 that would occupy the second place in terms of antioxidant capacity, support to these results the fact of considering the values of the second energy difference of linkage dissociation EDE between these two flavonoids gives a difference of 1,106 H (Hartrees) for the flavonoid 4 and 1.4651H for flavonoid 1. The flavonoids 2 and 3 would occupy positions 3 and 4 in terms of antioxidant capacity respectively. In conclusion the antioxidant activity of the four flavonoids studied has the following order of highest to lowest antioxidant activity: Flavonoid 4> flavonoid 1> flavonoid 2> flavonoid 3.

Effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Baccharis trimera on the proliferation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Baccharis trimera leaves on the proliferative capacity of the liver after partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats weighing between 300 and 450g were divided into two groups: control (HP) and test (HP100-rats that received the aqueous extract of Baccharis trimera for four days at a dose of 100 mg / kg / day). On the fifth day, animals from both groups underwent resection of 70% of the liver. Twenty-four hours later, they were sacrificed and the remnant liver was removed and prepared for studied through PCNA immunohistochemistry. Data analysis for comparison between the two groups was made through the non-parametric statistical test Mann-Whitney test. Results: In all the animals studied was found most abundant nuclear immunostaining positive hepatocytes interlobular located in regions of the liver. Quantitative analysis of PCNA-positive cells revealed positivity rate significantly higher mean (p = 0.02) in HP100 group (77.1 ± 13.6) compared to the HP group (45.8 ± 12.9). Conclusion: DAdministration of aqueous extract of the leaves of Baccharis trimera 100 mg/kg of animal has a significant positive effect on liver regeneration in rats, 24 hours after hepatectomy (70%).

Cribado fitoquímico del Baccharis latifolia (R&P.) Pers. (chilca) / Phytochemical screening of Baccharis latifolia (R&P.) Pers. (chilca)

Introducción: Baccharis latifolia (R.&P.) Pers. (chilca), es una especie espontánea que crece en las riberas de los ríos. En el Perú abunda y habita entre 1000 y 4000 m. Es una planta dioica arbustiva de 1 a 2 m de altura. Presenta tallo cilíndrico, estriado longitudinalmente; hojas simples, alternas, pecioladas; limbo aovado-lanceolado; capítulo en cimas corimbosas y aquenio cilíndrico.mObjetivo: identificar metabolitos secundarios de interés medicinal en las hojas de B. latifolia. Métodos: para la colección del material botánico se emplearon los métodos de Cerrate y Ramagosa et al. El cribado fitoquímico se realizó por el método de Olga Lock. Por colorimetría, se catalogó cualitativamente la presencia del metabolito en "+++" (abundante), "++" (moderado), "+" (leve) y "-" (ausencia). Se evaluó la presencia de los siguientes metabolitos: alcaloides, fenoles, flavonoides, carbohidratos, aminoácidos y lípidos. Resultados: los metabolitos detectados con alta presencia fueron los fenoles (+++) en todos los extractos, excepto en el extracto con solvente n-hexano. Asimismo, se evidenció la presencia de flavonoides (+++) y alcaloides (+++) en el extracto acidulado. Igualmente, se comprobó la existencia carbohidratos en todos los extractos excepto en el extracto con n-Hexano. No se detectaron aminoácidos ni lípidos. Conclusiones: las hojas de B. latifolia contienen abundantes compuestos fenólicos, en los extractos etanólico, clorofórmico y acidulado y se evidenció ausencia de estos en el extracto en n-hexano. Asimismo, se observó alta presencia de alcaloides en el extracto acidulado de B. latifolia. Los extractos de las hojas de B. latifolia no presentan aminoácidos ni lípidos(AU)

Introduction: Baccharis latifolia (R.&P.) Pers. (chilca) is a wild species that grows on riverbanks. The species is abundant in Peru, where it grows between 1 000 and 4 000 m. It is a shrubby dioicous plant 1 to 2 m in height. The stem is cylindrical and longitudinally striated; the leaves are simple, alternate and petiolated, with ovate-lanceolate blades; capitula in corymbous tips and cylindrical achenes. Objective: Identify secondary metabolites of medicinal interest in leaves of B. latifolia. Methods: Collection of the botanical material was based on the Cerrate and Ramagosa et al methods. Phytochemical screening followed Olga Lock's method. For colorimetry, presence of the metabolite was qualitatively classed as "+++" (abundant), "++" (moderate), "+" (mild) or "-" (absent). Presence of the following metabolites was evaluated: alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids. Results: Phenols were found to be abundant (+++) in all extracts, except for the extract with n-hexane solvent. Flavonoids (+++) and alkaloids (+++) were present in the acidulated extract. Carbohydrates were found in all extracts except for the extract with n-hexane. Amino acids and lipids were not found. Conclusions: Leaves of B. latifolia contain abundant phenolic compounds in the ethanolic, chloroformic and acidulated extracts, but they are absent in the n-hexane extract. Alkaloids were abundant in the acidulated extract of B. latifolia. Extracts of leaves of B. latifolia do not contain amino acids or lipids(AU)

Comparative analytical micrographs of “vassouras” (Baccharis, Asteraceae)

ABSTRACT Baccharis belongs to the Asteraceae family and comprises a number of medicinal species. Baccharis brevifolia DC., B. microdonta DC., B. pauciflosculosa DC., and B. trilobata A.S. Oliveira & Marchiori, which are popularly known in Brazil as “vassouras” (“broom”), are all found in Southern Brazil. The anatomical features of the leaf and stem were investigated by employing the usual light and scanning electron microtechniques, as a means of differentiating the taxa. The following anatomical characteristics can be considered to be diagnostic: the occurrence and type of stomata, midrib, stem and crystal shapes, and the presence of the petiole.

Evaluación de la actividad de Baccharis latifolia en modelos de artritis experimental / Evaluation of Baccharis latifolia activity in experimental arthritis models

La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una enfermedad crónica de naturaleza autoinmune e inflamatoria que conduce a la formación de pannus seguido de la destrucción de las articulaciones, se caracteriza por hiperplasia sinovial, inflamación y angiogénesis. La especie vegetal Baccharis latifolia es utilizada tradicionalmente en muchas regiones de nuestro país para tratar el dolor, la inflamación y la artritis. En el presente estudio se evaluó la actividad antiartrítica del extracto etanólico de B. latifolia en modelos murinos de artritis reumatoide inducida por adyuvante, la estimación del edema/espesor de la pata inflamada, parámetros hematológicos (hemoglobina, velocidad de sedimentación globular, recuento de eritrocitos, recuento total de leucocitos) y observación radiológica fueron evaluados. La administración oral del extracto etanólico de B. latifolia (600 mg/kg de p.c.) inhibió significativamente (p<0.001) el incremento del edema/espesor de la pata en el modelo de artritis subcrónica. Del mismo modo, B. latifolia (500 mg/kg de p.c.) inhibió significativamente el incremento del edema/espesor de la pata en el modelo de artritis crónica (p<0.05, p<0.01), los pesos de los animales se mantuvieron sin variación durante el tratamiento. Por otro lado, los parámetros hematológicos señalan que los niveles de hemoglobina disminuyen en ratones artríticos y que esta disminución es revertida tras la administración de los extractos de B. latifolia, este mismo perfil de recuperación es observado tras el recuento de glóbulos rojos. Adicionalmente, la velocidad de sedimentación globular (VSG) incrementada en ratones artríticos, es revertida tras la administración de B. latifolia. El análisis radiológico evidenció el efecto del extracto etanólico de B. latifolia en el retraso de la destrucción ósea. Los resultados sugieren que el extracto etanólico de B. latifolia tiene una potencial actividad antiartrítica.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune and inflammatory disease leading to pannus formation followed by the destruction of the joints; it is characterized by synovial hyperplasia, inflammation and angiogenesis. The plant species Baccharis latifolia is traditionally used in many regions of our country to treat pain, inflammation and arthritis. In the present study the anti-arthritic activity of ethanol extract of B. latifolia was evaluated in murine experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by adjuvant, edema estimation / thickness of the inflamed foot, hematological parameters (hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, erythrocyte count was assessed, total white blood cell) and radiological observation were evaluated. The oral administration of the ethanolic extract of B. latifolia (600 mg / kg p.c.) significantly inhibited (p<0,001) increased edema / paw thickness in the subchronic model of arthritis. Similarly, B. latifolia (500 mg / kg bw) significantly inhibited the increase of edema / paw thickness in the model of chronic arthritis (p <0.05, p <0.01), the weights of the animals were kept without variation during treatment. Moreover hematological parameters indicate that hemoglobin levels decrease in arthritic mice and that this decline is reversed after administration of the extracts of B. latifolia, this same profile is observed recovery after red blood cell count. Additionally, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increased in arthritic mice is reversed after administration of B. latifolia. The radiological analysis showed the effect of ethanol extract of B. latifolia in delaying bone destruction. The results suggest that the ethanolic extract of B. latifolia has potential antiarthritic activity.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (carqueja-amarga) / Aceite esencial de Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (carqueja-amarga): actividad antimicrobiana

Introduction: the recent enhancement of interest in green consumerism has given rise to a renewed scientific awareness towards essential oils. Essential oil from Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (B. trimera) (Asteraceae) is cited as one of the ten most consumed oils by the cosmetic and other industries in Brazil. Objective: to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the leaves of B. trimera against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 7468 and Corynebacterium xerosis IAL105, which are the main bacteria responsible for bad perspiration odor. Methods: the gas chromatography (GC) analysis was performed and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by means of the turbidimetric method, using a microdilution assay. Results: ywenty constituents were identified, being that ß-pinene (23.4 percent) was the major compound found. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the essential oil ranged from 500 µg/mL to 1,000 µg/mL. A detrimental effect of the essential oil was observed on the morphology of cell membranes of the bacteria studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Conclusions: the results demonstrate the essential oil of B. trimera has potential in the application of antimicrobial agents in personal care products(AU)

Introducción: el reciente aumento del interés por el consumo verde ha dado lugar a una renovada conciencia científica hacia a los aceites esenciales. El aceite esencial de Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. (B. trimera) (Asteraceae) es considerado uno de los diez aceites más consumidos por la industria cosmética del Brasil. Objetivos: valorar la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de hojas de B. trimera frente al Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 7468 y Corynebacterium xerosis IAL105, que son las principales bacterias responsables del mal olor que es consecuencia de la transpiración. Métodos: se realizó la cromatografía de gases (GG) y la actividad antimicrobiana fué valorada por el método turbidimétrico, usando el ensayo de microdilución. Resultados: se identificarón veinte constituyentes, siendo el ß-pineno (23,4 por ciento) el principal compuesto encontrado. Los valores de la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) del aceite esencial variaron de 500 µg/mL a 1,000 µg/mL. Se observó un efecto perjudicial del aceite esencial en la morfología de las membranas celulares de las bacterias estudiadas por microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Conclusión: los resultados demuestran que el aceite esencial de B. trimera tiene potencial en la aplicación de los agentes antimicrobianos en productos de higiene personal(AU)